Oceanic cycles and the variability of air and water temperatures in Northern-Europe

Temperature changes of weather stations in Northern-Europe are evaluated for the period 1913-2013 and results are compared with the oceanic cycles of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) as well as the developments of the sea surface temperatures (SST). It is demonstrated that PDO and AMO as distribution patterns of potential oceanic thermal storage and heat release are closely correlated to the nearly in sync changing trends of air temperatures in Europe.
In correlation to the warmer or colder conditions it can be observed in Europe that air temperatures are ascending or descending. There are spatial changes of temperatures in the oceanic oscillations of both the Pacific (PDO) and the Atlantic (AMO), their interplay and the dependend transport of latent allochthonous energy are a possible reason for the also ´periodic´ temperature trends in Europe ...
whether for example in Bergen (N), Germany (D) or water temperatures in the North Sea (Helgoland, D).